Thursday, October 26, 2017

"Perception kontra fakta". Mindfulness: Perception eller Prospection?

Funkar Mindfulness? Den frågan ställs i en aktuell artikel i tidskriften Scientific American. Den springande punkten verkar vara definitionen av mindfulness. Den traditionella synen är att Mindfulness handlar om att vara i nuet. olika forskare använder olika definitioner, vilket i slutändan leder till att man talar om olika saker. Psykets funktion handlar inte om tillbakablickar eller perception utan om prospektion - att laborera med olika scenarior för den framtid ingen vet speciellt mycket om. Bishop et al. 2014 sammanfattar mindfulness på ett sätt som för tankarna till prospektivt tänkande. 4 sidor.

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Funkar Mindfulness? Den frågan ställs i en aktuell artikel i tidskriften Scientific American:


Länk till källan.

Stetka skriver med utgångspunkt från en aktuelle studie: Van Dam et al. 2017.
The concept of mindfulness involves focusing on your present situation and state of mind. This can mean awareness of your surroundings, emotions and breathing—or, more simply, enjoying each bite of a really good sandwich. Research in recent decades has linked mindfulness practices to a staggering collection of possible health benefits (Stetka).
scientific data on mindfulness are woefully lacking. Many of the studies on mindfulness and meditation, the authors wrote, are poorly designed—compromised by inconsistent definitions of what mindfulness actually is, and often void of a control group to rule out the placebo effect.
As Van Dam and his co-authors wrote, “[there is] neither one universally accepted technical definition of ‘mindfulness’ nor any broad agreement about detailed aspects of the underlying concept to which it refers.”
Den springande punkten verkar vara definitionen av mindfulness. Den traditionella synen är att Mindfulness handlar om att vara i nuet.

Studiens försteförfattare, Nicholas T Van Dam skriver själv med en populärvetenskaplig ansats tillsammans med Nick Haslam i tidskriften Quillette:
What is Mindfulness? Nobody Really Knows, and That’s a Problem.
Mindfulness receives a bewildering assortment of definitions. Psychologists measure the concept in differing combinations of acceptance, attentiveness, awareness, body focus, curiosity, nonjudgmental attitude, focus on the present, and others.
Det kanske största hindret är att Mindfulness saknar en entydig definition; olika forskare använder olika definitioner, vilket i slutändan leder till att man talar om olika saker.
Mindfulness mainly refers to the idea of focusing on the present moment, but it’s not quite that simple. It also refers to several forms of meditation practices that aim to develop skills of awareness of the world around you and of your behavioral patterns and habits. In truth, many disagree about its actual purpose and what is and isn’t mindfulness.
Man förväntas vara i nuet, samtidigt som man förväntas bejaka sin nyfikenhet, d.v.s. tänka framåt i tiden. Hur går det ihop?

Psykets funktion handlar inte om tillbakablickar eller perception utan om prospektion - att laborera med olika scenarior för den framtid ingen vet speciellt mycket om (Gilbert och Wilson, 2007). Vår art har en unik förmåga att skapa mentala bilder och sedan köra dem framåt i tiden (Kaku, 2014).

Eller som Dr Galister sa om psykets funktion på en seminarium om kognitiv neurovetenskap 2017:
Memory is not about the formation of associations. Memory conveys information forward in time. For the computational use in the indefinite future.
Så här skriver Daniel Schacter och Donna Addis om episodminnet:
Episodic memory is widely conceived as a fundamentally constructive, rather than reproductive, process that is prone to various kinds of errors and illusions. With a view towards examining the functions served by a constructive episodic memory system, we consider recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies indicating that some types of memory distortions reflect the operation of adaptive processes. An important function of a constructive episodic memory is to allow individuals to simulate or imagine future episodes, happenings and scenarios. Since the future is not an exact repetition of the past, simulation of future episodes requires a system that can draw on the past in a manner that flexibly extracts and recombines elements of previous experiences (The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future.)
Och i en aktuell bok (Homo Prospectus, lyfter författarna, Martin E. P. Seligman, Peter Railton, Roy F. Baumeister, and Chandra Sripada, fram just den prospektiva delen av psykets funktion. Även en artikel i The New York Times (We Aren't Build to Live in the Moment (Martin Segliman och John Tierney).

Men finns det definitioner på Mindfulness som rimmar med prospektion?
Bishop et al. 2014 sammanfattar mindfulness på ett sätt som för tankarna till prospektivt tänkande:
We propose a two-component model of mindfulness and specify each component in terms of specific behaviors, experiential manifestations, and implicated psychological processes. We then address issues regarding temporal stability and situational specificity and speculate on the conceptual and operational distinctiveness of mindfulness. We conclude this paper by discussing implications for instrument development and briefly describing our own approach to measurement.
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