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Här föreslås en modell som förklarar hur barn isoleras och alieneras från den förälder som är garanten för barns emotionella och sociala anpassning samt kognitiva utveckling:
Relationsaggressivitet (psykiskt våld i nära relationer) som funktion av Borderline Personality Disorder och Complex Childhood Trauma.
I flera populärvetenskapliga artiklar på den här bloggen har kvinnors relationsaggressivitet/vårdnadskonflikt belysts som en funktion av mental ohälsa. I Biringen och Harman (2018) lyfts Borderline Personality Disorder fram:
Länk till källan.
Biringen och Harmans referens är Zalewski et al. (2014):
“Mothers reported on their own psychopathology and their daughters' temperament. Adolescent girls reported on mothers' parenting methods in terms of psychological and behavioral control. Results demonstrated that maternal BPD symptoms were associated with aspects of psychological and behavioral control, even after controlling for maternal depression and alcohol use severity. After examining specific BPD components that may account for these associations, the authors found that affective/behavioral dysregulation, but not interpersonal dysregulation or identity disturbance, uniquely accounted for parenting. Adolescent temperament did not moderate these associations. BPD symptoms, particularly affective/behavioral dysregulation, are important targets when conducting parenting interventions”.Tillägg: Ruffalo (2024).
Effekten av kvinnors (mammors) mentala ohälsa blir beteendet relationsaggressivitet - att skada andra genom målmedveten manipulation och skada på sina kamrater - (Crick och Grotpeter, 1995; Hyde, 2005) och kan beskrivas som psykiskt våld. Notera att beteendet - målmedveten manipulation - bygger på en förvrängd mental föreställning om framtiden som funktion av mental ohälsa.
En minoritet av en population lider av mental ohälsa och en pytteliten del av den populationen lider av neurofysiologisk/biologisk störning. De alla flesta fallen handlar om psykologi - störning av den emotionella och sociala anpassningen som lägger grunden för kognitiv utveckling. Det är känt att grunden för den anpassningen och utveckling sker under de första levnadsåren (Baumrind, 1966 Gopnik, 2016; Hart och Risley, 1995) och att det finns en effekt av pappa-relation; forskning demonstrerar att barn som växer upp med båda föräldrarna eller med bara pappa har bättre emotionell och social anpassning jämfört med barn som växer upp med bara mammor ; MacRae, 2021; Rolle et al. 2019; Sethna et al. 2017; Vieno et al. 2009, 2014;Österberg, 2004):
“En sammanställning av 28 undersökningar om pappa-frånvarons effekter på barns kognitiva förmåga (Shinn, 1978), indikerar att pappa-frånvaro som en funktion av skilsmässa är negativt relaterad till intellektuell kompetens hos barn; vilket även påvisats i tidigare studier (Blanchard och Biller, 1971; Crescimbeni, 1965; Ferri, 1976; Hetherington et al., 1978, 1982; Radin, 1976; Radin et al., 1994; Santrock, 1972; Sutton–Smith et al., 1978). Shinn (1978) menar att resultaten av sammanställningsstudien är konsistent med hypotesen att barns interaktion med föräldrarna formar en plattform för kognitiv utveckling, och att en minskning av denna interaktion hämmar den kognitiva utvecklingen” (s. 2).Det betyder dels att relationsaggressivitet (psykiskt våld i nära relationer) grundas under uppväxten, dels sker när reptil- och däggdjurshjärnorna kapar det rationella tänkandet hos dessa kvinnor (Johnson, 2021). Det brukar också beskrivas som att 'kaffet lätt kokar' över.
Relationsaggressivitet är del av begreppet Våld i nära relationer. Forskning som använt sig av validerade modeller, t ex. Conflict tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979; Straus et al. 1996) konvergerar i slutsatsen att våld i nära relationer fördelas enligt följande:
- fysiskt våld - kvinnor står för lite mer än hälften av förekomst och skador.
- dödligt våld - drabbar lika osannolikt (0,000005) barn, män och kvinnor (Liem och Koenraadt, 2008).
- psykiskt våld (relationsaggressivitet) - typiskt kvinnligt
Ergo. Våld i nära relationer är typiskt kvinnligt.
Lyssna på Dr Elizabeth Bates: Intimate Partner Violence (34 minuter).
Barn som hämmas i sin emotionella och sociala anpassning har större risk att utveckla föräldralienering (Parental alienation Disorder, PAD) (Bernet, 2008, 2021; Bernet et al. 2010; se fler referenser i appendix) respektive antisocialt beteende (Calkins och Keane, 2009; Moffitt et al. 2001).
Socialtjänstpersonalen tillämpning av modeller som saknar vetenskapligt stöd. När dessa kvinnor söker hjälp blir deras första instans personal inom socialtjänsten. Enligt aktuell studie visar att socialtjänstpersonalens arbete i huvudsak saknar vetenskapligt stöd (Bergström et al. 2022). Istället baseras de sitt arbete på idéer från den feministiska sociologen Eva Lundgren. Tillsammans ed Gun Heimer, läkare med specialisering på gynekologi, socionomen Ann-Marie Kalliokoski och juristen och ROKS-medlemmen Jenny Westerstrand designade de en enkätstudie där de lät kvinnor, men inte män, svara på frågor om utsatthet för våld i nära relationer. Resultatet till denna pilottest indikerade att 40 % av respondenterna mindes att de varit offer för någon form av våld i nära relationer (Lundgren et al. 2001). Vi vet inte vad männen hade svarat eftersom de diskriminerades. Vi vet inte heller om kvinnorna mindes rätt; Det är känt att händelseminnet är konstruktivt i ett socialt perspektiv - att psyket skapar minnen som passar den aktuella situationen (Schacter och Addis, 2007).
2005 granskades Lundgrens arbete av Uppsala universitet. Man fann att hennes arbete inte överensstämde med hennes egna rådata och att det rådde en sektliknande stämning omkring henne (Hagekull, 2005).
Lundgren själv menade att hon fått förbud att undervisa och handleda om kön, makt och våld (Holm, 2011).
Trots att Uppsala universitet stoppas Lundgrens skadliga forskning, spreds hennes faktoida idéer om våld i nära relationer. I januari 2022 intervjuade Kvartals Ludde Hellberg Berit Jernberg, projektadministratör för en handbok och Våld i nära relationer på Jämställdhetsmyndigheten, som leds av Lena Ag:
Länk till källan.
Finlands diskrimineringsombudsman - Kristina Stenman - hoppade också på tåget. På deras webbplats stod följande misandriska utspel att läsa:
Detta trots att Stenman informerades om forskningsläget beträffande våld i nära relationer den 17 februari 2022 och erhöll en påminnelse 1 juni.
Domstolspersonalen tillämpning av moderspresumptionen (Mater Semper Certa Est; 1950).
Fram till 1950 var domstolspersonal tvingade att tillämpa Magnus Eriksssons landskapslag som inkluderade barns papparelationer.
Folk i allmänhet förstår ju att barns pappa-relation är viktig.
1950 infördes moderspresumptionen, av latinets Mater semper certa est - vi vet i alla fall vem mamman är. Presumtion betyder antagande. Moderspresumtionen införde för att förenkla domstolspersonalens arbete.
Data från alla svenska domstolar (1999), Svea hovrätt (1990-2001; 2004; 2007) och USA före 2018 visar att domstolspersonal en masse diskriminerar barns papparelationen i 75 % av fallen (riksgenomsnitt) (Elfver-Lindström, 1999; Schiratzki, 2008; Österberg, 2004; Biringen och Harman, 2018).
Domstolspersonal antar således att det räcker med att känna till vem mamman är.
Ergo. Det råder en effekt av konformism bland myndighetspersonal där kvinnors psykiska våld (och fysiska våld) ska skyllas på mannen (offret) som hämmar (skadar) barns emotionella och sociala anpassning samt kognitiva utveckling.
I Finland menar:
- Helsingforspolisen att kvinnors relationsaggressivitet (psykiska våld) är ett av deras största problem (har för mig att de sa det största; 6 april, 2022).
- Ministeriet för undervisning och kultur att finska barn inte längre klarar läsförståelse och numeracy.
- Finlands Barnombudsman (Elina Pekkarinen) att 20 % av finska barn och unga födda 1997 eller senare har mentala utmaningar (Finlandssvenska Barnrättskonferensen, 2022).
Slutsats. Kvinnor som under barndomen drabbats av Complex Childhood Trauma kan utveckla t ex. Borderline Personality disorder. Det ökar sannolikheten för våld i nära relationer, speciellt relationsaggressivitet. När de söker hjälp och råkar hamna hos socialtjänsten, som inte tillämpar vetenskapliga beprövade metoder, triggas de att starta vårdnadstvister. Personalen vid en domstol tillämpar moderspresumtionen. Effekten blir umgängessabotage och det föreningen Unizon kallar tvångsumgänge med en mamma med mentala utmaningar. Barnet drabbat av Complex childhood trauma, vilket kan öka risken för föräldraalienering och antisocialt beteende.
Vid 2023 års upplaga av Finlandssvenska Barnrättskonferensen meddelade:
- Finlands Barnombudsman (Elina Pekkarinen) att det psykiska våldet liksom det dödliga våldet mot små barn i hemmen har ökar.
- Konferensvärdinnan Maj Estlander att 40 % av finska skolbarn har rapporterat att de utsatts för psykisk våld i hemmet.
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Appendix. Studier om föräldraalienation.
1. Moné, J. G., MacPhee, D., Anderson, S.. K. & Banning, J. H. (2011).Family members' narratives of divorce and interparental conflict: Implications for parental alienation. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(8), 642-667.
This study focused on the internal dynamics of family members who experience divorce and interparental conflict. Interparental conflict and triangulating children increase the likelihood of alienating children from a parent. Narrative interviews with members of three families were used to explore meaning structures. Results showed how parents and children thought, felt, and created meaning about their experiences; how family members responded to conflict and behaviors associated with parental alienation; and how they viewed family relationships. Metalevel findings suggested each family member held dichotomous views and used cognitive and behavioral control response strategies. Thus, parental alienation stems from a relational dynamic and needs to be addressed from a family systems perspective.
2. Baker, A. J. L.& Ben-Ami, N. (2011). To turn a child against a parent is to turn a child against himself: The direct and indirect effects of exposure to parental alienation strategies on self-esteem and well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(7), 472-489.
Direct and indirect effects of exposure to 19 parental alienation strategies in 118 adult children of divorce were examined via a confidential and anonymous computer survey. We investigated the nature and prevalence of alienation strategies to which this sample was exposed as well as associations between exposure and self-esteem and self-sufficiency. In turn, we examined and found associations between self-esteem and higher rates of depression and insecure attachment styles and a trend for an association with alcohol abuse. All effects were found even after controlling for histories of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and psychological maltreatment. These findings add to the growing body of evidence regarding the long-term consequences of experiencing parental alienation and indicate that in general, exposure to more alienation behaviors leads to more negative outcomes in children of divorce, which can be seen across the life span.
3. Hands, A. J. & Warshak, R. A. (2011). Parental alienation among college students. American Journal of Family Therapy, 39 (5), 431-443.
A sample of 50 college students responded to a questionnaire measuring perceptions of alienating behaviors on the part of their parents and their current relationship with each parent. Data revealed a higher degree of alienating behavior by divorced parents when compared to non-divorced parents. Mothers and fathers were rated about equally likely to engage in such behaviors. A higher incidence of alienated parent-child relationships in divorced homes approached, but did not reach, statistical significance. Students who were alienated from one parent report higher levels of alienating behaviors on the part of their parents. The results suggest that parental alienating behaviors, and the phenomenon of a child becoming alienated from a parent after divorce, are departures from the norm and worthy of attention and concern.
4. Darnall, D. (2011). The psychosocial treatment of parental alienation. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20 (3), 479-494.
Parental alienation occurs in divorces when one parent indoctrinates the child to dislike, fear, and avoid contact with the other parent. Mental health professionals who treat children and adolescents are likely to encounter victims of parental alienation in clinical practice, and it is important to identify and treat these youngsters earlier, when the condition is mild, rather than later, when the parental alienation is almost intractable. This article presents an overview of the treatment of parental alienation, which is called reunification therapy. All the parties involved in the case have a role in the prevention and treatment of parental alienation.
5. Farkas, M. M. (2011). An introduction to parental alienation syndrome. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 49(4), 20-26.
Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) can occur during a tumultuous divorce between embattled parents involved in a bitter child custody dispute. During parental warfare, a child is used as a weapon by one parent (alienating parent) against the other parent (alienated/targeted parent). The targeted parent-child relationship once encased with unconditional love is transformed by an unrelenting campaign of denigration, criticism, and hatred. Since nursing literature on PAS is almost nonexistent, the purpose of this article is to increase nursing awareness and provide basic information. Awareness of PAS symptoms and interpersonal dynamics is important to prompt nurses in recommending treatment for families. Nurses should collaboratively join other professionals in their quest to provide the best treatment possible.
6. Garber, B. D. (2011). Parental alienation and the dynamics of the enmeshed parent–child dyad: Adultification, parentification, and infantilization. Family Court Review, 49 (2), 322-335.
When caregivers conflict, systemic alliances shift and healthy parent-child roles can be corrupted. The present paper describes three forms of role corruption which can occur within the enmeshed dyad and as the common complement of alienation and estrangement. These include the child who is prematurely promoted to serve as a parent’s ally and partner, the child who is inducted into service as the parent’s caregiver, and the child whose development is inhibited by a parent who needs to be needed. These dynamics—adultification, parentification and infantilization, respectively—are each illustrated with brief case material. Family law professionals and clinicians alike are encouraged to conceptualize these dynamics as they occur within an imbalanced family system and thereby to craft interventions which intend to re-establish healthy roles. Some such interventions are reviewed and presented as one part of the constellation of services necessary for the triangulated child.
7. Pilla, J. M. & Bernet, W. (2011).Letter to the editor: Ursula A. Kelly, PhD, ANP-BC, PMHNP-BC, guest editor. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 17(2), 189.
Comments on an guest editorial by U. A. Kelly and D. Sharp (see record 2011-07378-002). We want to alert you to a topic of importance to forensic mental health nurses—a mental health condition called parental alienation. Parental alienation begins as a process of faulty intra-family dynamics that can develop into a serious mental health disorder for children and adolescents. Mental health nurses and other practitioners are likely to encounter the problem of parental alienation in any of several contexts, in either inpatient or outpatient settings. During the last two years, mental health nurses have participated in a large, international committee that seeks to include the diagnosis of parental alienation in the next editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases. Readers who are interested in learning more about the mental condition of parental alienation are invited to contact one of the authors of this letter.
8. Baker, A. J. L. & Chambers, J. (2011). Adult recall of childhood exposure to parental conflict: Unpacking the black box of parental alienation. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52 (1), 55-76.
One hundred and five undergraduate or graduate students completed a computer-based survey regarding their recollection of exposure to 20 parental alienation behaviors, current depression, and current self-esteem. Results revealed that 80% of the sample endorsed at least 1 of the 20 parental alienation behaviors, indicating some exposure to parental alienation, with 20% of the sample reporting that 1 parent tried to turn them against the other parent. Participants whose parents divorced or separated before they were 18 years old were much more likely to report exposure to parental alienation strategies than participants whose parents remained married during their childhood. No relationship was found between recalled exposure to parental alienation and current depression or self-esteem.
9. Barlow, Victoria L. (2011). The Medea complex and parental alienation syndrome: Who are the severe alienators? 72(5-B), Dissertation 3088.
The body of knowledge of parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is essential to providing courts and clinicians with materials to support appropriate decisions for the well being of the children and their families. The research focused on the severe alienator, the parent/caregiver who initiates the most severe form of the alienation, to identify their characteristics and their familial patterns. The concept of the Medea complex as it relates to severe parental alienation was explored using a depth analysis that resulted in expanding the parameters of the complex and identifying characteristics of those most susceptible to it. The data utilized in this research was drawn from mental health agency files, Chancery Court case files, and interviews with family members, therapists, and attorneys. Because the people involved in PAS were unable or unwilling to be accurate historians due to their own psychopathology, ongoing court cases, family disapproval, or other reasons, a qualitative multiple psychological case study method with a few family participants was used. These cases were subjected to thematic analysis to identify themes and patterns, exploring the characteristics of the severe alienator. Several family patterns of PAS were identified, and the Medea complex was discovered to be active in the most severe alienators. Several family patterns of PAS were identified, and the Medea complex was identified in the most severe alienators. The results and their implications are discussed in narrative form in relation to clinical and forensic casework.
10. Levy, D. L. & Sauber, S. R. (2011). Review of Welcome back, Pluto: Understanding, preventing and overcoming parental alienation (DVD). American Journal of Family Therapy, 39(1), 77-79.
Reviews the DVD, Welcome Back, Pluto: Understanding, Preventing and Overcoming Parental Alienation by Richard A. Warshak and Mark R. Otis (2010). This informative DVD talks common sense in everyday words. Although the DVD acknowledges that a child can feel rightly alienated from a parent because of abuse or poor parenting skills, alienation is usually the result of a favored parent who is needy, seeks total control over the child, or fails to recognize the importance of the other parent in the child’s life. The video describes three components of a very complex psychological situation, which are: 1) defining the problem, 2) explaining how it is manifested, and 3) providing intervention techniques for its control and abatement. The DVD points out that when children grow up and realize that they have been the subject of alienation, the adult children of divorce may turn on the controlling parent. The video urges parents to follow court ordered visitation. The video can also help courts better understand how a vulnerable child might just be parroting what the favored parent wants the child to say against the targeted parent. Thus, this DVD, if used appropriately by court family service departments, judges and judicial training conferences, and parents, could go a long way to lessening a form of child abuse: alienation of a child from a loving, warm family.
11. Rand, D. C.(2011). Parental alienation critics and the politics of science. American Journal of Family Therapy, 39(1), 48-71.
This article examines the assertions, made by two main groups of critics, about Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) and parental alienation (PA). Among the topics discussed are: role of the alienating parent; structural interventions such as custodial transfer; relationship between PAS and allegations of sex abuse; and controversy over use of the term syndrome.
12. Bernet, W. (2016). IMPORTANT UPDATES REGARDING PARENTAL ALIENATION. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55 (10), Supplement, S28.
Parental alienation (PA) is a serious mental condition in which a child – usually one whose parents are engaged in a high-conflict separation or divorce – allies himself strongly with one parent (the preferred parent) and rejects a relationship with the other parent (the target parent) without legitimate justification. PA was described by multiple writers in the 1980s, followed by many descriptive, qualitative research studies in professional journals and book chapters. In recent years, there has been a shift toward reproducible, quantitative research. The goal of this presentation is to summarize recent quantitative research regarding PA.
13. Österberg, P. (2011). Review av tre perspektiv på Parental Alienation Disorder (PAD).
Spot on 👌
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